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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination and disability. This review discusses the pathophysiology, subtypes, diagnostic tests, and management strategies of MS. By exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms and recent advancements in treatment, this article aims to provide valuable insights for medical practitioners treating patients with MS. The pathology of MS involves demyelination plaques, neuronal and axonal degradation, and astrocyte scarring. Genetic predisposition to MS is associated with a cross-reaction between environmental antigens and myelin components, oligodendrocytes, or myelin proteins. This reaction leads to T lymphocyte sensitization and autoreactivity against myelin and oligodendrocytes. MS is classified into three main subtypes: Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS), and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS). Diagnosis involves Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and clinical evaluation, with additional supportive tests including evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Management consists of relapse therapy and long-term therapy, with relapse therapy administered during relapses and long-term therapy tailored to the MS subtype, involving early administration of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) to slow disease progression.

Keywords

Multiple Sclerosis, Pathophysiology, Subtypes, Treatment

Article Details

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